Analysis of Great Global Warming Swindle Essays

Analysis of Great Global Warming Swindle Essays Analysis of Great Global Warming Swindle Paper Analysis of Great Global Warming Swindle Paper and its Fourth Assessment Report in 2007. The most up-to- date figure for the Northern Hemisphere, from EPIC (2007), is reproduced in Figure 3, which shows 12 different reconstructions. These consistently show that, for the Northern Hemisphere, the past century is exceptionally warm, and that the warmth of recent decades clearly exceeds that of the Medieval Warm Period in all cases. The United States National Academies published a report in 2006 (NAS 2006) that reviewed the published scientific evidence on surface temperature reconstructions for the last 2000 years. It found that evidence for regional warmth during medieval times [centered around AD 1 000] can be found in a diverse but more limited set of records including ice cores, tree rings, marine sediments, and historical sources from Europe and Asia, but the exact timing and duration of warm periods may have varied from region to region, and the magnitude and geographic extent of the warmth are uncertain. 1 5 Based on a review of the scientific literature, the report concluded none of the large- scale surface temperature reconstructions show medieval temperatures as warm as the last few decades of the 20th century. Very clearly, the documentary has misrepresented the early EPIC figure, and ignored all EPIC updates to this figure. The analyses published by the EPIC strongly contradict the documentary. Another such scientific inaccuracy is the claim that the rising temperatures of the planet stared to plateau around 1940 and then didnt continue to rise again until 1970, and therefore that this represents evidence that human activities dont influence the climate. This is clearly a tactic employed by the movies makers and interviewees to manipulate the audience as the logic behind this is very flawed. The years leading up to and during the second World War were a time of great industrialization for many countries in the northern hemisphere (which contains a majority of the Earths landmass), causing large amounts of carbon dioxide to be pumped into the atmosphere. This industrialization also created a large amount of pollutants that stayed in the lower atmosphere which reflect incoming sunlight back into space, thereby causing temporary cooling. These lower level pollutants, including sulfate aerosols only have residency times of a few months (as opposed to about 1 00 years for CO)1 6 and therefore arming resumes (refer to figure 1 in appendix). The current data from the EPIC shows that since then, the temperature has been increasing faster than it has in the last 1 0,000 years 17. While there were clearly many attempts at manipulations and scientific errors in the Global Warming Swindle, there were a few valid points that were made. The argument that Global warming is (in some cases) being used in such a way that keeps developing countries from the rapid development needed to create better standards of living for the general population in a valid one. It is very simple for the theory to be seed in a way that makes actions such as preventing the use of fossil fuels in developing countries seem valid, despite the fact that this often a necessary step in the development process. Developed countries currently emit a vast majority of global greenhouse emissions and the media frequently depicts countries such as China and India as the colloquially termed bad guys because they refuse to maintain the necessary reductions in greenhouse emissions. The movie showed a short clip of an interview in a hospital in a rural area of an developing countries where the power from a solar panel was Leary not enough to power the hospital. Such instances are common in rural areas of Africa where Nags, in an attempt to reduce Global emissions, install inappropriate technologies. The movie is also has a sound format in that it is in documentary style? (disregarding the validity of the points presented), and it shows clips from various different scientists and Climate skeptics in different fields. Climate change Skeptic Bicorn Lombard has been criticized for using very few researchers belonging to a very narrow spectrum of fields to validate his clams 8. In comparison, The Global Warming Swindle has resented a decent number of sources and experts. The general format was also such that it intertwined interviews, narration and visual aids. This method is quite effective in maintaining the interest of the audience throughout the movie. The inaccuracies presented in AY Gores An Inconvenient Truth needed to be responded to and the general idea of creating a documentary to address this issue was a good one. AY Gore only barely presented the other side of the argument and there are some very valid cases relating to the fact that Global Warming may not have anthropogenic causes. In fact, if the Global Warming Swindle is correct in its assertion that Global warming isnt manmade then there really isnt much that can be done and our resources really would be better spent elsewhere and any real action would mean convincing every nation on Earth to cut down on fuel emissions-which data suggests, is unlikely. Despite these valid points, arguments can be made to the contrary, especially with consideration to their presentation and the omission of certain information. The Global Warming Swindle implies that there are official expectations for developing countries to cut emissions by the same amount s developed countries. This isnt true. The Kyoto protocol explicitly stated that there was nothing expected from developing countries in this regard 19. This was yet another attempt to manipulate the audience into believing the producers agenda. The inclusion of this fact may have made the movie seem a little more credible and balanced but this information is Omitted. For the most part, it is now understood that economic development has to go hand in hand with climate policy. There is currently no legitimate environmental movement that says that the worlds less developed should have their access o energy restricted. There is also a very valid argument to the effect that sustainable development is a possible route towards economic development. Regardless, even if sustainable development doesnt occur, the use of fossil fuels for development in developing countries wouldnt have a significant effect on the environment. Costs estimate that the upper bound for the annual cost of emissions reductions consistent with the stabilization of CO levels would equal about 1 % of the worlds GAP by 205020. This shows that, despite the cost, continual development is possible and that these actions will reverent the possible occurrence of Global Warming related phenomena that could have a detrimental effect to global development. The issue about how scientists now use the theory of manmade global warming to fund their research is completely true. On the other hand, this is not a new phenomenon. In order to prove or disprove a theory, scientists need to find sources of funding for their research. Obviously using arguably the most in vogue scientific issue of our time is an easy way to get funding. Before the theory of Global Warming was being researched, scientists still had to present their research and find modes of funding. Therefore using this as a way to argue that Global Warming isnt the result of anthropogenic greenhouse gases seems a weak argument that is rather off topic. The Great Global Warming Swindle does not represent the current state of knowledge in climate science. Skepticism in science is a healthy thing, and the presence of orthodox scientific skepticism in climate change is ubiquitous. Many of the hypotheses presented in the Great Global Warming Swindle have been considered and rejected by due scientific process. This documentary is far from an objective, critical examination of climate science. Instead the Great Global Warming Swindle goes to great lengths to present outdated, incorrect or ambiguous data in such a way as to grossly distort the true understanding of climate change science, and to support a set of extremely controversial views.

Experimental economics summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Experimental economics summary paper - Essay Example information regarding quality and to ensure quality control is through the use of a third party that certifies and endorses products to comply with certain standards. A total of 21 buying sessions with 20 trading periods per session were conducted having 5 sellers and 6 buyers per period. The sellers could sell two super or two regular grade products per session. They had to pre-commit to quality in secret prior to any selling taking place. The fact that regular costs less to produce is a universal fact and all subjects were aware of it. They did not however know the actual difference. Offers were posted up on a whiteboard and at the end of each period, the grades of goods sold revealed. The reputation-only phase of the experiment kept the identities of sellers and hence their sales records revealed. The cheap-talk signaling phase gave sellers the option of either displaying a grade to buyers, or displaying no grade and just the pricing information and numbers up for sale. The certification part entailed ‘paying’ a fixed amount by the seller to certify their goods. The findings hence are in the categories of reputation, perception cr eated by â€Å"cheap-talk† and third-party certification and endorsement. It was discovered that reputation alone may not be enough to satisfy buyers of the quality they were paying for. The number of goods sold increased when compared to the baseline model where no information regarding quality was available. In the second part of the study, sellers were asked to label their goods with vague environmental quality claims. These also were discovered to be not enough in increasing efficiency or the number of high-quality units. This sort of cheap-talk signaling was found to be effective only when buyers were experienced. In the final part of the study dealing with certification, it was found that verifiable claims where a third party was introduced to monitor quality can help consumers find the information they need before buying.

Conscientiousness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Conscientiousness - Research Paper Example Leadership is the power to motivate people by words, actions and deeds using vision, belief and truthfulness (Northouse, 2009). Conscientious leadership, which becomes ethical leadership, means â€Å"ethically motivating others in ethical directions† consisting of both â€Å"procedural† and â€Å"substantive† (character-based) aspects (Chumir, 1992, para.1). The procedural dimension of conscientious leadership includes problem-solving and decision-making techniques within the circle of moral principles. For example, conscientious leadership demands that the leaders, before putting their decisions into action, inform and discuss them with the parties which are going to be affected by their decisions. This means that the concerned parties are being given due respect and importance. The substantive aspect of conscientious leadership includes knowledge, strong standards and courage to follow ethical directions despite strong opposition. Also, the values that a person inherits or learns later in his life play a very important role in constructing his inner self, and in developing conscientiousness. By understanding and polishing basic values, a leader develops a sense of moral obligation of enhancing the betterment of the company. A conscientious leader actually expresses transformational leadership (Brown & Travino, 2006), in which the leaders produce such an effect on their subordinates that they inflict a â€Å"transforming effect† on them, thus, producing â€Å"sweeping changes in organizations and societies† (Priyabhasini & Krishnan, 2005, p.1). A conscientious leader knows in what direction must the action go, and what the consequences of that action will be. He has a strong vision, and so, he is able to go in the depth of the problem to relate its solution with ethical values. It is the conscience of the inner self of the leader that leads him to do good decisions. The

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Strengths and Weaknesses of Utilitarianism Essay The prominant criticism of Utilitarianism is that it is extremely hard to predict the results of an action. The outcomes of all situations are hard to predict, so how can we possibly apply the rule of the greatest happiness for the greatest number if we do not know who will benefit most? It is also difficult to decide whether an outcome is morally good or bad. People have contrasting opinions on what they think is right or wrong and it depends on the individual who is making the decision. This causes problems because a thing that is good to one person may at the same time be bad to another, One mans happiness is another mans pain. Without an absolute definition of happiness, it is hard to arrive at a right decision. Another problem of Utilitarianism is the concept of time. Is long term or short term pleasure more valuable? For example, when deciding whether to take an ecstasy tablet at a club. Taking the pill may give you a lot of short-term pleasure, but in the long term, it may cause more harm than good. Not taking the tablet would involve fewer risks and would avoid potential pain. Even here, you cannot predict the results of your decision, as there is no way of telling the effect the ecstasy has on you until you have tried it. Not only is it hard to tell what will be the consequences in the long run, but it is hard to define the time period of the long run to begin with. A particular problem with Utilitarianism stands out to me that totally immoral acts can be justified if they are seen to benefit the greatest number of people. For example In the early 1800s in South America, slave labour took place because it was seen to produce the most amount of good for the most amount of people. Slavery was an efficient way for Southern farmers to produce goods at a cheap price and these goods brought a lot of pleasure to a great amount of people. On the other hand, the slaves suffered terribly and had to endure vast amounts of pain and torture. Nevertheless the most amount of good was produced and enjoyed by the most amount of people through slavery therefore satisfying the principle of Utility. This example clearly shows how utilitarianism can cause injustice and the denial of human rights. The theory disregards motivation and goodwill, says that the majority is always right and Does not protect the innocent minorities. John Rawls agreed with this weakness. He argued that utilitarianism is too impersonal. In its pursuit of the greater good, it disregards the rights of individuals. He said that Utilitarianism could therefore be used to promote a dictatorship, in which decisions were made to over-ride the interests of the individual in favour of the greater good of society. Despite all the arguments against Utilitarianism, there are some valid points for the theory. It is widely accepted throughout the world as many countries run by means of democracy. Our political leaders are elected through the ballot box, the majority overriding the minority. This however does not automatically mean that they are the most suited people for the job. Utilitarianism also allows people to contemplate the situation before making the decision. This time prevents people from making hasty, unethical decisions, as it encourages thought before action. The aim of the theory is to produce happiness and pleasure. These are two desirable things as Utilitarianism says that pleasure is the sole good and pain is the sole evil, Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters-pleasure and pain. Supporters of the theory would argue that promoting pleasure must be a good thing as most people see pleasure as desirable over pain. They would also say that the intention of Utilitarianism was not to create immorality but to please to maximum number of people possible Surely it is better for a hundred people to be happy than five? Another good aspect of Utilitarianism is that it has one simple absolute, which can be applied to all situations with a positive outcome. In times of difficulty, it eases people out of difficult situations, as they cannot be blamed for making the wrong decision if they claim it was for the happiness of the majority. Any prejudices the decision maker may hold are eradicated in Utilitarianism, as they have to stick to the main rule. There is also some flexibility for emotions in moral decision making according to Rule Utilitarianism. This part of the theory allows respect for the rules that are created to better our society although even these rules do not have to be kept all the time if you are a weak utilitarian which poses problems over what the theory really is. Utilitarianism is a theory that Christians can relate to. Mill brought it closer to the Christian church by introducing Rule Utilitarianism. This would be closer to the principals Jesus lived by. For example, it was against the Jewish law to work on the Sabbath but when people were in need, Jesus bent this rule and healed them. The largest connection Christianity has with Utilitarianism is the death of Jesus. He was crucified and died for the sins of mankind, sacrificing himself for the majority. However, Utilitarianism does accept evil where Christianity most certainly does not.

The Growth of American Government from the End of Reconstruction and th

In the past, the nation’s government took the â€Å"laissez-faire† approach to dealing with the economy and/or free market affairs. The government intervened as little as possible, asserting the belief felt that if left alone, economic problems would be resolved without government interference. However, this approach was not guaranteed, and at times, the government had to put aside the â€Å"laissez-faire† approach of the past. The government had no other choice but to intervene in these instances to return balance to the economy and protect its citizens it served. The government changed both its approach and its size through programs initiated by the Industrial Revolution, New Deal programs during and following the Great Depression, and World War II, forever changing the relationship between Americans and their Government. During the Industrial Revolution with the massive railroad production across the country, the railroad executives were clever, strong-minded, mostly dishonest men who bribed congressmen, and conducted crooked financial deals who became known as â€Å"robber barons†. 1 As railroads expanded transportation across the country, it opened up a vast market for competition and over production of farm products. The railroad executives took advantage of the fact that the railroad was the only transportation that some farmers had to ship their products. Since the railroads had formed monopolies, they were free to charge whatever rates they saw fit and took full advantage of this by price discrimination. They offered discounts and rebates to big corporations with large loads which the individual farmer did not have. Nor did farmers have the political influence to fight the railroads on these matters.2 Therefore, in 1877, t... ... 11. American A Narrative History 8th Edition, George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 book pg 1086-87 12. HI 1073 United States History 1877-Present Discussion Manual Spring 2011 CH 5 – The Interwar Years, 58. Social Security Act (1935). 13. American A Narrative History 8th Edition, George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 book Page 1197 14. HI 1073 United States History 1877-Present Discussion Manual Spring 2011 CH 6 – World War II, 70. The GI Bill of Rights (1944). 15. American A Narrative History 8th Edition, George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 pg 1209 16. American A Narrative History 8th Edition, George Brown Tindall and David Emory Shir, W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., New York 2010 page 1218

Prelude no 15 in Db major by Chopin

The song Prelude no.15 by Chopin, also known as the raindrop prelude is written in ternary form, which means it's an ABA structure. It's structure unlike many other preludes has a very clear Ternary form structure with a coda at the end to finish the piece nicely. Section A is written in Db, while section B is written enharmonically in C# minor. Although it is in Ternary form the piece can be split into 4 parts. The Coda, A, B, and A again. Melody and Rhythm Just like the name of the piece, Raindrop, throughout the piece sustained notes are used to act as the continuous raindrops falling. During the piece such as in the first bar, Chopin uses descending notes and arpeggio's to represent falling raindrops. He also uses septuplets and turns to create similar effects. He changes to the relative minor and dominant keys to create variation within the melody. Tonality The Raindrop Prelude is written in Db major with 5 flats. Bb, Eb, Ab, Db and Gb. The piece is generally tonal and uses many different relative keys to create variation throughout the piece. Texture. Although the Raindrop Prelude is written and played on one piano the texture is generally quite thick throughout. Chopin, in the B section, uses a technique called doubling to create a powerful and a build up of the texture. This is where a note is played in octaves in both hands creating a more emotional feeling as well, as a feature of romantic music. The texture could be described as both polyphonic and homophonic as the melody above the pedaled notes is more complex but fits in with many of the sustained notes. Use of Piano. Because Prelude no. 15 is written for piano Chopin uses the abilities of the piano very well to create variation among sections. For example, in section B the melody is played in the Left hand rather than the Right which created a low forceful and powerful sound. Also by using pedaled notes in both the harmony and melody the sound of the piano created the feel of raindrops. Chopin also wrote Prelude no. 15 because many pieces of music were created for the piano in the Romantic era as the instrument was developed and made bigger which enables it to create Cantabile sounds and sustained slurs with pedals. Also piano's were now able to make larger ranges of dynamics, articulation and pitches because of the use of hammers on strings and the extension of octaves.

Adolescence And Its Effects On Adult Behavior Essay

Adolescence is a turbulent time in every individual’s life, containing marked behavioral and biological changes as the brain rapidly develops into its mature form. This period overlaps with puberty, the process of attaining sexual maturation, and throughout its progression intricate differences between the two sexes are revealed that were not previously apparent. (Spear, 2000; TEXTBOOK) It is thought that adolescence is a necessary process, a period of transition through which individuals prepare for living independently in adulthood. Adolescents begin to emulate adult behaviors and seek novelty, with an inhibited regard for danger, as they accumulate the skills needed to provide for themselves. (Spear, 2000) There are several characteristics of adolescence that seem to make an individual more prone to experimenting with addictive drug use, to his or her potential detriment. These include: an increase in taking species-specific risks, an overall rise in novelty seeking, and a particularly relevant phenomenon of finding peer interactions more socially rewarding than those conducted with an adult caretaker. (Spear, 2000) Partaking in illicit drugs is a clear form of risky behavior in human adolescents; children in developed countries are educated about the potential consequences of such misconduct, particularly those of abusing alcohol and/or tobacco. However, animal studies that compare drug use during development versus in adulthood provide evidence that adults willShow MoreRelatedAdolescence Is The Most Important Stages Of Human Development1282 Words   |  6 Pagesduring human development; adolescence is one of the most important stages because it is the period that follows humans’ development from child to adult. According to Clause (2013), adolescence is broken up into biological, cognitive, and emotional stages. 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